Patient Education and Resources

What does your nervous system do?

The nervous system includes the brain, the spinal cord, and all the nerves in your body. It controls::

• Sight, hearing, taste, smell and feeling (sensation)
• Movement, balance and coordination. It also controls the actions of most other body systems, such as blood flow and blood pressure.
• The ability to think and reason. It allows you to have thoughts, memories and language.

The nervous system is divided into the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system, or CNS) and the nerve cells that control movements (peripheral nervous system, or PNS). 

What problems can happen with your nervous system?

Nervous system problems may occur slowly. Bit by bit, they can cause you to lose control over something you used to do with ease. Problems also can occur quickly. These problems can be very dangerous. Symptoms may be mild or severe. Some conditions, diseases and injuries that can cause nervous system problems include:

• Blood supply problems (vascular disorders)
• Injuries (trauma), especially injuries to the head and spinal cord
• Problems that are present at birth (congenital)
• Mental health problems, such as anxiety disorders, depression, or psychosis
• Exposure to toxins, such as carbon monoxide, arsenic, or lead
• Problems that cause a gradual loss of function (degenerative). Examples include:
  • Parkinson's disease
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS)
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
  • Alzheimer's disease
  • Huntington's disease
  • Peripheral neuropathies
• Infections. These may occur in the:
  • Brain (encephalitis or abscesses)
  • Membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meningitis)
• Overuse of or withdrawal from prescription and nonprescription medicines, illegal drugs or alcohol
• A brain tumor
• Organ system failure. Examples include:
  • Respiratory failure
  • Heart failure
  • Liver failure (hepatic encephalopathy)
  • Kidney failure (uremia)
• Other conditions. Some examples include:
  • Thyroid dysfunction (overactive or underactive thyroid)
  • High blood sugar (diabetes) or low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
  • Electrolyte problems
  • Nutritional deficiencies, such as vitamin B1 (thiamine) or vitamin B12 deficiency
  • Guillain-Barré syndrome

A sudden (acute) nervous system problem can cause many different symptoms, depending on the area of the nervous system involved. Stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) are common examples of acute problems. You may experience the sudden onset of one or more symptoms, such as:

• Numbness, tingling, weakness, or inability to move a part or all of one side of the body (paralysis)
• Dimness, blurring, double vision, or loss of vision in one or both eyes
• Loss of speech, trouble talking, or trouble understanding speech
• Sudden, severe headache
• Dizziness, unsteadiness, or the inability to stand or walk, especially if other symptoms are present
• Confusion or a change in level of consciousness or behavior
• Severe nausea or vomiting

Seizures can also cause sudden changes in consciousness, feeling (sensation), emotion or thought. Abnormal body movements, such as muscle twitching, may or may not be present. How often the seizures occur and how severe they are depend on the cause of the seizures and the area of the brain involved. 

Diabetes can cause problems with balance, either as a result of peripheral neuropathy or stroke.

Vertigo and dizziness are problems of balance and coordination (equilibrium). Vertigo is often caused by a medicine or a problem of the inner ear or brain. Emotional distress, dehydration, blood pressure problems, and other diseases can all cause feelings of dizziness. For more information, see the topic Dizziness: Lightheadedness and Vertigo.

Most headaches are not caused by serious central nervous system problems. The pain that comes with a headache can range from a throbbing or a piercing pain, such as with a migraine, to severe pain that comes and goes over several days, such as with cluster headaches. Headaches are usually caused by problems with the sinuses, scalp, or muscles of or around the head.

Follow the prevention guidelines below to keep your body and nervous system healthy:

• Exercise regularly. Talk to your doctor about an exercise plan that will be right for you.
• Do not smoke or use other tobacco products. 
• Get plenty of rest.
• Take care of health conditions that may cause decreased nervous system functioning, such as:
  • Diabetes.
  • High blood pressure.
• Eat a balanced diet. A balanced, low-fat diet with ample sources of vitamins B6, B12, and folate will help protect the nervous system. Make sure that your diet contains lots of fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Drink plenty of water and other fluids. This helps prevent dehydration, which can cause confusion and memory problems.
  • To prevent dehydration during hot weather and exercise, drink water, rehydration drinks, or other fluids each day.
  • Drink extra water before, during, and after exercise. Take a container of water or sports drink with you when you exercise, and try to drink at least every 15 to 20 minutes.
  • Limit your intake of caffeinated drinks, such as coffee and colas, which increase dehydration and can affect sleep.
• Do not use alcohol or illegal drugs, which can affect functioning long after use.
• Have your hearing or vision tested. When you do not hear or see well, it is hard for your brain to record information.
• Set priorities, and concentrate on one thing at a time. Older adults have a harder time than younger people giving their attention to more than one activity.
• Increase your attention span and ability to focus by learning new skills.
• Keep written notes. Write all your plans on a calendar where you can look at them often.
• Use a medicine box with spaces for each day. This will help you remember when to take your medicines. Take your medicines exactly as they are prescribed.
• Decrease your use of nonprescription medicines. Overuse of medicines may be the single biggest cause of nervous system problems in older adults.
• Develop a positive attitude about your abilities. Reject the notion that nervous system (neurological) functioning declines with age.
• Protect yourself from head injuries.
• Prevent falls in your home.

You can help your doctor diagnose and treat your condition by being prepared to answer the following questions:

• What is your main symptom?
• When did you first notice your nervous system problem, and what were you doing at the time?
• How often have you had these symptoms?
• What area of your body is most affected?
• How long do the symptoms last?
• Do you have pain? If so, what is it like (dull, sharp, aching, throbbing)? It may be helpful to keep a pain diary .
• What seems to make your symptoms better or worse?
• Do you have other symptoms? Other symptoms may include:
  • Vision loss.
  • Weakness.
  • Lack of coordination.
• Do you use alcohol or illegal drugs?
• What prescription and nonprescription medicines do you take, and what are the doses? Bring all of your medicines with you to your next appointment.
• Have you had a recent illness or injury?
• Does anyone in your family have similar symptoms?
• Have you recently traveled outside of the country?
• Do you have any health risks?

Keep a diary of symptoms to review with your doctor at your next appointment.

To help make the most of the time with your physician, please complete your medical forms in advance and bring them with you to your appointment. We usually mail copies of all required forms to your home. Copies are also provided below for your convenience.

• Consent to Treat: Complete this form if you are a new patient, and then once again each year.
• Patient Registration: Complete this form if you are a new patient.
• Medical History: Complete this form if you are a new patient, or if has been longer than 12 months since your last appointment with us.
• Adult Return Visit Questionnaire: Complete this form if it has been longer than 30 days, but less than one year since your last appointment with us.
• Adult Return Visit Questionnaire (MS Patients): Complete this form if it has been longer than 30 days, but less than one year since your last appointment at our Multiple Sclerosis Center.

• PREP Planner
• Getting Ready for Your Surgery
• How to Shower Before Surgery
• Pain Management Guidelines
• Smoking Cessation and Your Spine
• Infection Prevention Instructions
• Lumbar Before Surgery Goals Pathway
• Lumbar Before Surgery Goals Handout

• Cervical Surgery Patient Information
• Lumbar Fusion Patient Information
• Lumbar Lami-Disc Patient Information

• Cervical Surgery Discharge Instructions
• Cervical Surgery RTW Guidelines
• Lumbar Fusion Discharge Instructions
• Lumbar Fusion RTW Guidelines
• Lumbar Lami-Disc Discharge Instructions
• Lumbar Lami-Disc RTW Guidelines
• After Lumbar Surgery Next Steps Pathway
• After Lumbar Surgery Next Steps Handout
• Back Precautions
• Managing Constipation

• Facet Joint Treatment
• Epidural Steroid Injection
• Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
• Lumbar Radiculopathy Patient Handout
• Cervical Radiculopathy Patient Handout
• Pain Management Guidelines
• Smoking Cessation and Your Spine
• Spine Fracture and Osteoporosis
• Back Precautions

There are plenty of resources available for patients living with neurological conditions. We’ve put together a list of the websites and resources we’ve found to be the most helpful and reliable.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

• What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Epilepsy

• Epilepsy Action
• Epilepsy Foundation

Headache

• American Council for Headache Education
• National Headache Foundation

Memory Disorders

• Alzheimer's Association
• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Movement Disorders

• American Parkinson Disease Association
• Cure PSP
• Dystonia Medical Research Foundation
• International Essential Tremor Foundation
• National Parkinson Foundation

Multiple Sclerosis

• Greater New England, MS Society
• National MS Society

Neuromuscular Disease

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Association
• Muscular Dystrophy Association
• The Neuropathy Association

Pediatric Neurology

• Autism Society of Maine
• Cerebral Palsy
• Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorders
• Epilepsy Foundation
• Muscular Dystrophy Association

Stroke

• American Stroke Association
• National Stroke Association

Other Neurologic Conditions

• National Sleep Foundation
• Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation
• Vestibular Disorder Association